The unpleasant physical reaction or malaise following an overindulgence in food or drink.
The very word sounds heavy, lingering on the tongue like a meal that overstayed its welcome.
“The morning after the feast, he was left with a heavy surfeit that kept him from his duties.”
From Old French surfait, meaning an excess or overdoing, documented in Middle English literature.
Sources·Middle English Dictionary/Oxford English Dictionary/Johnson's Dictionary (1755)
Etymologist commentary·Anatoly Liberman, The Oxford Etymologist